Найкращі спінальні хірурги в Туреччині – ТОП-108 лікарів

• Спеціалізується на хірургії хребта, включаючи корекцію травм і деформацій.
• Навчався за кордоном, з практикою в Туреччині та інших країнах.
• Сертифікат з ортопедичної хірургії та спинальної травматології.
• Член асоціацій ортопедичної хірургії та травматології.
• Пропонує онлайн-консультації з проблем спінальної хірургії.

• Спеціалізується на спінальній хірургії в Hisar Hospital Intercontinental.
• Зосередьтеся на спінальних процедурах: спондилодез, дискектомія, ламінектомія та корекція сколіозу.
• Міжнародна практика включає навчання в багатьох країнах.
• Визнаний за успішні результати в хірургії хребта.
• Доцент Університету наук про здоров’я.
• Має сертифікат з ортопедії та травматології.
• Професійне членство в товариствах ортопедів та спінальної хірургії.
• Пропонує онлайн-консультації з питань хірургії хребта.

Доктор Саїт Озтюрк - доцент і нейрохірург, що спеціалізується на операціях глибокої стимуляції мозку (DBS) і кардіостимуляції мозку. Він успішно проводить ці високоспеціалізовані і технологічно просунуті операції в обмеженому числі центрів по всьому світу. Доктор Озтюрк також виконує дискектомію, операцію з видалення спинної кістки, ламінектомію, операцію з видалення грижі міжхребцевого диска, видалення грижі міжхребцевого диска з передопераційною діагностикою, передню шийну дискектомію і фузію.

Професор доктор Онур Яман - фахівець у галузі неврології, нейрохірургії та хірургії хребта з 25-річним досвідом роботи.

Доктор Ерден Ертурер - ортопед-хірург з більш ніж 26-річним досвідом, що спеціалізується на ортопедії та травматології. Він виконує різні операції, включно з видаленням грижі міжхребцевого диска, артропластикою колінного суглоба, артроскопією тазостегнового і гомілковостопного суглобів. До його компетенції також входять ортопедична травматологія, хірургія кисті, ендопротезування колінного суглоба і хірургія хребта. Доктор Ертурер є членом кількох професійних товариств і робить внесок у медичні дослідження, публікуючи свої роботи у відомих журналах.

Доктор Камран Агаєв - відомий нейрохірург із понад 23-річним досвідом роботи, що спеціалізується на складних операціях на головному мозку і хребті. Він провів понад 5000 успішних операцій і має кілька патентів США на винаходи, пов'язані з хірургією хребта. Він розробив унікальні хірургічні методики і опублікував понад 50 наукових робіт.

Доктор X відвідав навчальні програми з поглибленого ендопротезування, дисплазії кульшового суглоба, основної та поглибленої хірургії хребта, базової артроскопії, базової травми та основного навчання. Він є членом Турецької медичної асоціації, Міжнародного конгресу з реконструкції суглобів і Турецького товариства ортопедії та травматології.

Prof. Erkan Kaptanoğlu, M.D. was born in Balikesir, Turkey in 1966. After completing his primary school, secondary school and high school education in Balikesir, he graduated from Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine in 1990. He completed his internship at Peterborough District Hospital and Lincoln County Hospital in the United Kingdom. After a year of compulsory medical service, he completed his residency, which he had started in 1992, at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital in 1997 and became a Neurosurgery Specialist. After being assigned at the same hospital as Chief Resident in the same year, he studied “spinal cord injury and spinal cord regeneration” as a “research fellow” alongside Prof. Charles Tator, M.D., at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1998-1999. After returning from Canada in 1999, he was tasked by the Ministry of Health to establish a Field Hospital and to work in cooperation with the Turkish Red Crescent Society at Hakkari, Şemdinli for two months. Following this assignment, he volunteered to work for the 1999 Marmara Earthquake relief effort.

He became an Associate Professor of Neurosurgery in 2004. He earned the title Doctor of Science (Ph.D.) by completing a doctorate program on Advanced Neuroscience between 2000-2005, at Hacettepe University Institute of Medical Sciences. He joined the project for autologous stem cell therapy in human spinal cord injuries with the Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology at the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine. In 2009, he was appointed as Deputy Chief to the 1st Neurosurgery Clinic at the Ankara Numune Hospital, where he had been working.

At this hospital, in which he worked until 2010, he supervised and attended complex cranial, pediatric, spinal, trauma and vascular neurosurgery operations. He continued his academic research at Ankara University, Department of Anatomy and research laboratories of Ankara University and Hacettepe University for the purpose of developing strategies for complex spinal surgery operations.

With his research on spinal cord injuries and spinal anatomy, he won many awards such as the Acibadem Hospital Medical Research Award, 1st Place in 2000, Turkish Neurosurgical Society Dr. Mahir Tevruz Scientific Research Award, Tübitak and Brain Research Society Wheyt Award in 2001, Turkish Neurosurgical Society Hamit Ziya Gokalp Young Neurosurgeons Research Award, 2nd Place in 2002, Turkish Neurosurgical Society Yildiz Yalcinlar Scientific Research Award in 2004.

In 2010, he went to Cyprus to found the Near East University Faculty of Medicine Hospital with the guidance of Hacettepe University, and was appointed as full Professor. Between 2010-2015, he served as the Founder and Head of Department at the Near East University and Founder and Deputy Chief Physician at the University Training and Research Hospital in TRNC.

In 2000-2001, he served as a member of the editorial board for Türk Nöroşirurji Dergisi and Turkish Neurosurgery journal. Between the years 2001-2006, he served as an assistant editor for Türk Nöroşirurji Dergisi and Turkish Neurosurgery journals. In 2002-2003, he served as the Chairman of the Young Neurosurgeons Committee under the Turkish Neurosurgical Society. He was elected to the Turkish Neurosurgical Society Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group Board of Directors to serve between 2003-2009. In 2013, he was again elected as a member to the Turkish Neurosurgical Society Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group Board of Directors. In 2015, he became the Chairman of the Turkish Neurosurgical Society Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group Board of Directors. In 2018, he was elected as a member to the Board of Turkish Neurosurgery Academy.

In 2015, he was appointed to the Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery and was elected as the Head of Department. During the same period, he also served as the Director of the Institute of Neuroscience. In 2018, he completed his tenure as the Head of Department. Reaching the end of this tenure in 2019, he retired from his duties as the Director of the Institute of Neuroscience and as a Member of the Faculty of Medicine. During his tenure at Marmara University, he supervised and accompanied surgical operations for complex cases from cranial patients to brain tumors (gliomas, meningiomas and hypophysis adenomas in particular), cerebral hemorrhages, Parkinson’s disease, trauma and vascular neurosurgery. He performed complex spinal surgery operations such as surgeries for spinal deformities (e.g. scoliosis and kyphosis), thoracoscopic spinal surgeries and sacral tumor surgeries. He conducted research and experimental studies on stem cell therapy and regeneration in spinal cord injuries. Between 2019-2020, currently He continues his clinical practice and surgeries along with his local and international academic studies, from his private clinic and Istanbul Brain and Spine Center.

He has attended numerous national and international courses and meetings as an instructor and speaker, was a guest speaker in over 100 events and conferences. He has published 65 international, 35 national scientific articles, edited 7 books, written 52 book chapters. He has served in the organizational committee 5 times in international meetings and 22 times in national meetings.

He is a member of the Turkish Medical Association, Turkish Cypriot Medical Association, Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Turkish Spine Society, EUROSPINE, AO Spine, Turkish Neurosurgery Academy.

SUB-SPECIALISTS 

• *Trauma Surgery 
• *Joint Prosthesis Surgery
• *Knee Surgery 
• *Arthroscopic Surgery 
• *Spine Surgery 
• *Deformity Surgery 

TECHNOLOGIES 

• *Robotic Joint Replacement Systems 
• *Kinematic Approach of Knee Replacement Surgery 
• *Journey II Knee Prosthesis System

EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION 

1. *Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine (Bachelor’s Degree, 2005-2011) 
2. *Health Sciences University Ankara Education and Research Hospital (Specilization Education, 2012-2017) 
3. His international published article is named as ‘’Mahmuti, A., Güler, U.O., Haberal, B., Şimşek, E.K., Yüksel, S., Temiz, A., Tuncay, I.C. Biomechanical Comparison of Polymethylmethacrylate Augmentation Methods in Failed Pedical Screw Revision. Turk Neurosurg. 2021; 31 (5): 788-794. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.34653-21.2. PMID: 34374983’’. 

COURSES INFORMATION

1. *11th TOTBID School of Basic Sciences and Research, Malatya. 
2. *1-3 March 2013. AO Basic Trauma Course (Principles in Operative Fracture Management), İstanbul 2013. 
3. *10th Basic Orthopedic Trauma Education Meeting, Ankara. 13-14 September 2013. 
4. *6th Intramedullary Nailing Course, İzmir 2013. 
5. *Instrumentation Course in Arthroscopic Surgery, İstanbul 2013. 
6. *6th Minimally Invasive, Locked Plate Osteosynthesis and Advanced Trauma Education Meeting. 5-6 December 2014. 
7. *TOTBID GKD-PEV Course, Konya 2015.
8. *AO Advanced Trauma Course (Principles in Operative Fracture Management), Ankara 2017. 
9. *Stryker Mako Certification Lab., Amsterdam. June 2019.

CONGRESS INFORMATION

1. *23rd National Turkish Orthopedics and Traumatology Congress. 29 October – 3 November 2013. 
2. *5th Orthopedics and Traumatology İstanbul Meeting. 10-12 April 2015. 
3. *Spine Intervention Society 2019 European Congress, Munich. May 2019. 

CAREER INFORMATION

1. *Şırnak İdil State Hospital (General Practitioner, 2017-2019) 
2. *Ankara Education and Research Hospital (Specialization Education, 2012-2017) 
3. *Şırnak State Hospital (Specialist Doctor, 2017-2019) 
4. *Turan Turan Health Group (OM Spine Surgery Center – Robotic TT Orthopedics Robotic Surgery Center) (Specialist Doctor, 2019-now) 
5. *Başkent University Faculty of Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology Department Adana Dr. Turgut NOYAN Application and Research Center (Specialist Doctor, 2020-2021)

Доктор Озгюр Ісмаїл Турк - досвідчений хірург, що спеціалізується на широкому спектрі лікувальних методів і процедур, як-от артроскопія колінного суглоба, терапія стовбуровими клітинами, заміна тазостегнового суглоба і багато інших. Він зробив значний внесок у медицину, особливо в управлінні крововтратою в хірургії ідіопатичного сколіозу в підлітків.

Доктор Еркут Аттар - відомий фахівець у галузі акушерства та гінекології, що спеціалізується на репродуктивній ендокринології, безплідді та репродуктивній імунології. Він отримав широку академічну освіту, закінчивши Стамбульський університет, Єльський університет і Північно-Західний університет. Обіймав значні посади як у клінічних, так і в академічних установах і здобув безліч нагород, включно з премією спеціальної групи з репродуктивної імунології Американського товариства репродуктивної медицини та премією за публікації Американського товариства репродуктивної імунології. Він також є засновником і чинним президентом Товариства тазового болю та ендометріозу Туреччини.

Assoc. Prof. Ozdogan, M.D., Ph.D., completed his education at Yeditepe University Health Sciences Institute in the Molecular Medicine Doctorate Program under Prof. Dr. Turgay İsbir, and he also studied at Saint Louis University in Arkansas, USA, with Prof. Dr. M. Gazi Yasargil. He pursued a Clinical Fellowship in Brain and Nerve Surgery at Yeditepe University Hospital, guided by Prof. Dr. Yasargil and Prof. Dr. Uğur Türe. Additionally, he underwent specialization training at Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Medicine at Gazi University, and completed his secondary education at İçel Anatolian High School.

Professionally, he has held various positions, including Faculty Member in the Department of Neurosurgery at Haliç University, and Associate Professor at Private Adatip Istanbul Hospital and Biruni University Hospital. He has also served as an Associate Professor at S.B.U. Kartal, Sancaktepe, and Istanbul Training and Research Hospitals, and worked as a Chief Assistant at S.B.U. Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim and Kartal Training and Research Hospitals. His earlier roles include Specialist Doctor at S.B.U. Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Hospital and Mus State Hospital, as well as Clinical Fellow at Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine Hospital.

Assoc. Prof. Özdoğan is a member of several professional associations, including the Turkish Neurosurgery Association, Turkish Spine Association, and the Turkish Neurosurgery Society’s Neuroanatomy, Neurovascular, and Neurooncology Groups. He is also affiliated with the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.

A graduate of Marmara University Faculty of Medicine (Ing), one of the most established educational institutions of our country, Op.Dr. Yusuf BAYRAM completed his specialty education at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Umraniye Training and Research Hospital of Health Sciences University in Istanbul.

It successfully performs arthroscopic (closed) knee, shoulder and ankle surgeries; general orthopedic applications other than Knee, Shoulder and Hip replacements and all orthopedic trauma surgeries.

He is particularly interested in the diagnosis, treatment and surgery of spinal diseases (Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Spinal fractures, Herniated disc, Slipped waist, Canal stenosis, etc.). It applies current treatment methods safely thanks to experience, knowledge and modern technology.

With more than 1000 surgeries performed so far, he continues his surgical life intensively thanks to positive feedback from patients and his energy.

MEDICAL INTEREST

Spinal Surgery

Arthroscopic (Closed) Knee, Shoulder and Ankle Surgery

Knee, Hip and Shoulder Replacement Surgery

All Orthopedic Traumas

Deformity Surgery

Assoc Prof. Dr. D.Güçlühan GÜÇLÜ CV

Born in 1973 in Eskişehir.

Between 1997-2003, he completed his residency training in the Bakırköy Mazhar Osman Training And Research Hospital For Psychiatry,Neurology And Neurosurgery

In 2003, he started to work as a specialist in Bakırköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital as an Associate Professor and served until 2023.

6 book chapters 22 international and 9 national publications

Association Memberships

Turkish Neurosurgical Association

The European Association Of Neurosurgical Societies Society for Central Nervous System Surgery

Turkish Doctors Union

Turkish Neurosurgical Society Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group

Turkish Neurosurgical Society Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Teaching and Training Group,

Experience abroad

Continuing Medical Education Certificate 4- Day Comprehensive Interventional Pain Management Anatomical Course September 27-September 30, Hilton Head South Carolina USA 2007

Cleveland spine review hands on course, The Cleveland Clinic center for Spine Health (3 month) 2008

The 2nd CSRS Hands-On Cadaver Course Cervical Spine Decompression and Stabilization Techniques, Saint Louis University Schoof of Medicine Practical Anatomy & Surgical Education, Prof.Dr.K. Daniel Riew 2009

The Latest Techniques in Less-Invasive Spine Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine Practical Anatomy & Surgical education, 2011

Spinal Deformity , training course, Saint Louis University School of Medicine ,director Prof.Dr. L.LENKE.2011

Advanced Course In Cerebral Aneurysms Hands-on Cadaver Workshop with Live Surgery & Life-Like Simulation Course Director Prof.Dr. Ali Krisht, MD Arkansas Neuroscience Institute 2013

International Training Course for Full-endoscopic Operations of the Lumbar, Thoracic and Cervical Spine, Richard Wolf Academy Prima Vista 2016

"Neuromodulation Applications in Low Back Pain and Cadaver Studies" course 2017

BASIC FIELD OF HEALTH SCIENCES BRAIN AND BORDER SURGERY

Education Information

expertise in medicine

1998 HOSPITALS/İSTANBUL BAKIRKÖY PROF.DR.MAZHAR OSMAN MENTAL HEALTH AND NERVE

26/March/2003

DISEASES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH. HOSPITAL

Title of the thesis: Analysis of axial traumatic spondylolisthesia using the finite element method (2003) Supervisor: (Mehmet Murat Hancı)

Undergraduate DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY

1990 FACULTY OF MEDICINE/MEDICAL PR.

31/July/1996

Foreign Language Knowledge

English YÖKDİL, 05.03.2017, Score: 85.0

Administrative Duties

Clinical Administrative Officer2018 -2023 İSTANBUL BAKIRKÖY DR.SADİ KONUK EDUCATION RESEARCH HOSPITAL

Memberships to Scientific Organizations

Turkish Neurosurgery Society Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Education and Training Group, Member, 2022

2. Turkish Neurosurgical Society Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group, Member, 2019

3. Turkish Neurosurgery Society, Member, 2004

International education

International Training Course for Full-endoscopic Operations of the Lumbar, Thoracic and Cervical Spine,

education and cadaver , Friday, 10 June 2016 Department of Neurosurgery,

(International)

Spinal Deformity LIVE!, training course, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , Course, 10.03.2011 - 11.03.2011 (International)

The Latest Techniques in Less-Invasive Spine Surgery, Clinic , Saint Louis University School of Medicine

Practical Anatomy & Surgical education 3839 Lindell Boulevard St:Louis MO 63108, Course,

04.03.2011 -06.03.2011 (International)

THE 2nd CSRS Hands-On Cadaver Course Cervical Spine Decompression and Stabilization Techniques,

Clinical and Cadaver course, Saint Louis University School of Medicine Practical Anatomy & Surgical

Education 3839 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63108, Course, 29.01.2009 -31.01.2009 (International)

Cleveland spine review hands on course, clinic and cadaveric bird, The Cleveland Clinic center for Spine Health , Course, 16.07.2008 -22.07.2008 (International)

Istanbul University surgeonpasa medical faculty neurosurgery clinic, increasing knowledge and experience, Istanbul University surgeonpasa medical faculty neurosurgery clinic, Study, 12.01.2004 -12.06.2004 (National)

WORKS

Articles :

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, SPIRIT EMOTION (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Microscopic Bilateral Decompression with Unilateral Laminectomy in Geriatric Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Surgery. Medical Journal of Bakırköy, 18(3), 323-329., Doi: 10.4274/BMJ.galenos.2022.2022.7-9

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN (2020). Atlas (C1) Fractures. Turkish Journal of Neurosurgery, 30(3), 322-328.

GÜÇLÜDOĞANGÜÇLÜHAN,ŞENELALPARSLAN (2018). Surgery in Lumbar Narrow Canal

Selection of Decompression Method. Turkish Journal of Neurosurgery, 28(2), 221-229.

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, ŞENORMANCI ÖMER, GÜÇLÜ OYA, CIRAK MUSA, ŞENORMANCI GÜLİZ,

KÖKTÜRK FÜRUZAN (2017). Fear avoidance beliefs and quality of life quality after lumbar disc surgery. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 6(1), 1-8., Doi: 10.5455/JCBPR.245356

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, GÜNALDI ÖMÜR, ERDOĞAN UZAY, OFLUOĞLU ALI ENDER, POSTALCI

LÜTFİ ŞİNASİ, KEPOĞLU ÜMİT, ÇELİK HAYDAR (2014). Analysis of axis traumatic spondylolisthesis by finite element method. Journal of Turkish Spinal Surgery, 25(3), 175-182.

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, ÖZTÜRK ONUR, CIRAK MUSA, CAN HALİL, ÜNAL TUĞRUL CEM, DOLAŞ

İLYAS, ÖZGEN UTKU, AYDOSELİ AYDIN, SENCER ALTAY (2022). A Series of Posttraumatic Midline Epidural Hematoma and Review of the Literature. Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 28(6), 805-811., Doi: 10.14744/tjtes.2020.28182 (Quarterly Slice=Q4)

GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN (2022). Pediatric Lumbar Microdiscectomy. Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 18(3), 330-335., Doi: 10.4274/BMJ.galenos.2022.2022.6-16

(2020).

Comprehensive Anatomic and Morphometric Analyzes of Triangular Working Zone for Transforaminal Endoscopic Approach in Lumbar Spine: A Fresh Cadaveric Study. World Neurosurgery, 138, 486-491., Doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.160 (Quarter Slice=Q3)

GÖKER BURCU, GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, DOLAŞ İLYAS, ÖZGEN UTKU, ALTUNRENDE MUHITTIN EMRE, AKINCI AHMET TOLGAY, ŞENCAN FAHİR, AYDOSELİ AYDIN, CAN HALİL, SENCER ALTAY

(2020). Clinical study of decompressive craniectomy in children. Turkish Neurosurgery, 30(2), 225-230., Doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.27576-19.3 (Quarterly Slice=Q4)

CAN HALIL, DİREN FURKAN, PEKER BARIS, CENGİZ WITHOUT THE SHIRT, GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, KÜÇÜK CEYHUN, CIVELEK ERDİNÇ, AYDOSELİ AYDIN, SENCER ALTAY (2020). Morphometric

analysis of lumbar arteries and relationship with intervertebral discs\\', a study of surgical anatomy on human fresh cadavers... Turkish Neurosurgery, 30(4), 577-582., Doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.29021- 20.1 (Quarter Quarters=Q4)

CIRAK MUSA, GÜÇLÜ DOĞAN GÜÇLÜHAN, AKAR EMRE, KAZANCI Mehmet Hanifi, TURAL DENİZ

(2020). Retrospective analysis of survival in patients with brain metastases from

Доктор Азмі Хамзаоглу - досвідчений спінальний хірург, що спеціалізується в галузі ортопедії та травматології. Він зробив значний внесок у розвиток Стамбульського центру сколіозу і хребта за 36 років своєї кар'єри. Доктор Хамзаоглу володіє навичками проведення безлічі хірургічних операцій, включно з дискектомією, кіфопластикою, хірургічним лікуванням сколіозу, передньою шийною дискектомією і фузією.

Доктор Халіл Олгун Пекер - нейрохірург із 19-річним досвідом, що спеціалізується на сколіозі, стенозі хребетних каналів, шийних грижах, нейроонкології та захворюваннях хребта. Він активний член Турецької медичної асоціації та Конгресу хірургів-неврологів, а також отримав нагороду від Міністерства охорони здоров'я Сірнака.

EXPERIENCE*

2019 - Present, Istanbul/Istanbul/Turkey

MEMORIAL ATAŞEHİR HOSPITAL

General Surgeon

2012 - 2019, Diyarbakır/Diyarbakır/Turkey

DİCLE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

General Surgeon

2011 - 2012, Van/Van/Turkey

VAN REGIONAL TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL

General Surgeon

2009 - 2011, Van/Van/Turkey

HAKKARİ STATE HOSPITAL

General Surgeon

2004 - 2009, Van/Van/Turkey

YÜZÜNCÜYIL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

General Surgeon

2002 - 2004, Van/Van/Turkey

HACIBEKİR HEALTH CENTER

General Practitioner

*EDUCATION*

2018 - 2019, Diyarbakır/Turkey

Associate Professor

2015, Ohio/USA

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY WEXNER MEDICAL CENTER

Neck Dissection Training

2012 - 2018, Diyarbakır/Turkey

Assistant Professor

1996 - 2002, Adana/Turkey

ÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE - Medical Doctor Education